Best and Cheap Git 2.24.0 Hosting

What is Git?

Git is a free and open source distributed version control system designed to handle everything from small to very large projects with speed and efficiency. Git is easy to learn and has a tiny footprint with lightning fast performance. It outclasses SCM tools like Subversion, CVS, Perforce, and ClearCase with features like cheap local branching, convenient staging areas, and multiple workflows.

What’s New on Git 2.24.0?

Git 2.24 Release Notes
======================

Updates since v2.23
-------------------

Backward compatibility note

 * "filter-branch" is showing its age and alternatives are available.
   From this release, we started to discourage its use and hint
   people about filter-repo.

UI, Workflows & Features

 * We now have an active interim maintainer for the Git-Gui part of
   the system.  Praise and thank Pratyush Yadav for volunteering.

 * The command line parser learned "--end-of-options" notation; the
   standard convention for scripters to have hardcoded set of options
   first on the command line, and force the command to treat end-user
   input as non-options, has been to use "--" as the delimiter, but
   that would not work for commands that use "--" as a delimiter
   between revs and pathspec.

 * A mechanism to affect the default setting for a (related) group of
   configuration variables is introduced.

 * "git fetch" learned "--set-upstream" option to help those who first
   clone from their private fork they intend to push to, add the true
   upstream via "git remote add" and then "git fetch" from it.

 * Device-tree files learned their own userdiff patterns.
   (merge 3c81760bc6 sb/userdiff-dts later to maint).

 * "git rebase --rebase-merges" learned to drive different merge
   strategies and pass strategy specific options to them.

 * A new "pre-merge-commit" hook has been introduced.

 * Command line completion updates for "git -c var.name=val" have been
   added.

 * The lazy clone machinery has been taught that there can be more
   than one promisor remote and consult them in order when downloading
   missing objects on demand.

 * The list-objects-filter API (used to create a sparse/lazy clone)
   learned to take a combined filter specification.

 * The documentation and tests for "git format-patch" have been
   cleaned up.

 * On Windows, the root level of UNC share is now allowed to be used
   just like any other directory.

 * The command line completion support (in contrib/) learned about the
   "--skip" option of "git revert" and "git cherry-pick".

 * "git rebase --keep-base <upstream>" tries to find the original base
   of the topic being rebased and rebase on top of that same base,
   which is useful when running the "git rebase -i" (and its limited
   variant "git rebase -x").

   The command also has learned to fast-forward in more cases where it
   can instead of replaying to recreate identical commits.

 * A configuration variable tells "git fetch" to write the commit
   graph after finishing.

 * "git add -i" has been taught to show the total number of hunks and
   the hunks that has been processed so far when showing prompts.

 * "git fetch --jobs=<n>" allowed <n> parallel jobs when fetching
   submodules, but this did not apply to "git fetch --multiple" that
   fetches from multiple remote repositories.  It now does.

 * The installation instruction for zsh completion script (in
   contrib/) has been a bit improved.


Performance, Internal Implementation, Development Support etc.

 * The code to write commit-graph over given commit object names has
   been made a bit more robust.

 * The first line of verbose output from each test piece now carries
   the test name and number to help scanning with eyeballs.

 * Further clean-up of the initialization code.

 * xmalloc() used to have a mechanism to ditch memory and address
   space resources as the last resort upon seeing an allocation
   failure from the underlying malloc(), which made the code complex
   and thread-unsafe with dubious benefit, as major memory resource
   users already do limit their uses with various other mechanisms.
   It has been simplified away.

 * Unnecessary full-tree diff in "git log -L" machinery has been
   optimized away.

 * The http transport lacked some optimization the native transports
   learned to avoid unnecessary ref advertisement, which has been
   corrected.

 * Preparation for SHA-256 upgrade continues in the test department.
   (merge 0c37c41d13 bc/hash-independent-tests-part-5 later to maint).

 * The memory ownership model of the "git fast-import" got
   straightened out.

 * Output from trace2 subsystem is formatted more prettily now.

 * The internal code originally invented for ".gitignore" processing
   got reshuffled and renamed to make it less tied to "excluding" and
   stress more that it is about "matching", as it has been reused for
   things like sparse checkout specification that want to check if a
   path is "included".

 * "git stash" learned to write refreshed index back to disk.

 * Coccinelle checks are done on more source files than before now.

 * The cache-tree code has been taught to be less aggressive in
   attempting to see if a tree object it computed already exists in
   the repository.

 * The code to parse and use the commit-graph file has been made more
   robust against corrupted input.

 * The hg-to-git script (in contrib/) has been updated to work with
   Python 3.

 * Update the way build artifacts in t/helper/ directory are ignored.

 * Preparation for SHA-256 upgrade continues.

 * "git log --graph" for an octopus merge is sometimes colored
   incorrectly, which is demonstrated and documented but not yet
   fixed.

 * The trace2 output, when sending them to files in a designated
   directory, can populate the directory with too many files; a
   mechanism is introduced to set the maximum number of files and
   discard further logs when the maximum is reached.

 * We have adopted a Code-of-conduct document.
   (merge 3f9ef874a7 jk/coc later to maint).


Fixes since v2.23
-----------------

 * "git grep --recurse-submodules" that looks at the working tree
   files looked at the contents in the index in submodules, instead of
   files in the working tree.
   (merge 6a289d45c0 mt/grep-submodules-working-tree later to maint).

 * Codepaths to walk tree objects have been audited for integer
   overflows and hardened.
   (merge 5aa02f9868 jk/tree-walk-overflow later to maint).

 * "git pack-refs" can lose refs that are created while running, which
   is getting corrected.
   (merge a613d4f817 sc/pack-refs-deletion-racefix later to maint).

 * "git checkout" and "git restore" to re-populate the index from a
   tree-ish (typically HEAD) did not work correctly for a path that
   was removed and then added again with the intent-to-add bit, when
   the corresponding working tree file was empty.  This has been
   corrected.

 * Compilation fix.
   (merge 70597e8386 rs/nedalloc-fixlets later to maint).

 * "git gui" learned to call the clean-up procedure before exiting.
   (merge 0d88f3d2c5 py/git-gui-do-quit later to maint).

 * We promoted the "indent heuristics" that decides where to split
   diff hunks from experimental to the default a few years ago, but
   some stale documentation still marked it as experimental, which has
   been corrected.
   (merge 64e5e1fba1 sg/diff-indent-heuristic-non-experimental later to maint).

 * Fix a mismerge that happened in 2.22 timeframe.
   (merge acb7da05ac en/checkout-mismerge-fix later to maint).

 * "git archive" recorded incorrect length in extended pax header in
   some corner cases, which has been corrected.
   (merge 71d41ff651 rs/pax-extended-header-length-fix later to maint).

 * On-demand object fetching in lazy clone incorrectly tried to fetch
   commits from submodule projects, while still working in the
   superproject, which has been corrected.
   (merge a63694f523 jt/diff-lazy-fetch-submodule-fix later to maint).

 * Prepare get_short_oid() codepath to be thread-safe.
   (merge 7cfcb16b0e rs/sort-oid-array-thread-safe later to maint).

 * "for-each-ref" and friends that show refs did not protect themselves
   against ancient tags that did not record tagger names when asked to
   show "%(taggername)", which have been corrected.
   (merge 8b3f33ef11 mp/for-each-ref-missing-name-or-email later to maint).

 * The "git am" based backend of "git rebase" ignored the result of
   updating ".gitattributes" done in one step when replaying
   subsequent steps.
   (merge 2c65d90f75 bc/reread-attributes-during-rebase later to maint).

 * Tell cURL library to use the same malloc() implementation, with the
   xmalloc() wrapper, as the rest of the system, for consistency.
   (merge 93b980e58f cb/curl-use-xmalloc later to maint).

 * Build fix to adjust .gitignore to unignore a path that we started to track.
   (merge aac6ff7b5b js/visual-studio later to maint).

 * A few implementation fixes in the notes API.
   (merge 60fe477a0b mh/notes-duplicate-entries later to maint).

 * Fix an earlier regression to "git push --all" which should have
   been forbidden when the target remote repository is set to be a
   mirror.
   (merge 8e4c8af058 tg/push-all-in-mirror-forbidden later to maint).

 * Fix an earlier regression in the test suite, which mistakenly
   stopped running HTTPD tests.
   (merge 3960290675 sg/git-test-boolean later to maint).

 * "git rebase --autostash <upstream> <branch>", when <branch> is
   different from the current branch, incorrectly moved the tip of the
   current branch, which has been corrected.
   (merge bf1e28e0ad bw/rebase-autostash-keep-current-branch later to maint).

 * Update support for Asciidoctor documentation toolchain.
   (merge 83b0b8953e ma/asciidoctor-refmiscinfo later to maint).

 * Start using DocBook 5 (instead of DocBook 4.5) as Asciidoctor 2.0
   no longer works with the older one.
   (merge f6461b82b9 bc/doc-use-docbook-5 later to maint).

 * The markup used in user-manual has been updated to work better with
   asciidoctor.
   (merge c4d2f6143a ma/user-manual-markup-update later to maint).

 * Make sure the grep machinery does not abort when seeing a payload
   that is not UTF-8 even when JIT is not in use with PCRE1.
   (merge ad7c543e3b cb/skip-utf8-check-with-pcre1 later to maint).

 * The name of the blob object that stores the filter specification
   for sparse cloning/fetching was interpreted in a wrong place in the
   code, causing Git to abort.

 * "git log --decorate-refs-exclude=<pattern>" was incorrectly
   overruled when the "--simplify-by-decoration" option is used, which
   has been corrected.
   (merge 0cc7380d88 rs/simplify-by-deco-with-deco-refs-exclude later to maint).

 * The "upload-pack" (the counterpart of "git fetch") needs to disable
   commit-graph when responding to a shallow clone/fetch request, but
   the way this was done made Git panic, which has been corrected.

 * The object traversal machinery has been optimized not to load tree
   objects when we are only interested in commit history.
   (merge 72ed80c784 jk/list-objects-optim-wo-trees later to maint).

 * The object name parser for "Nth parent" syntax has been made more
   robust against integer overflows.
   (merge 59fa5f5a25 rs/nth-parent-parse later to maint).

 * The code used in following tags in "git fetch" has been optimized.
   (merge b7e2d8bca5 ms/fetch-follow-tag-optim later to maint).

 * Regression fix for progress output.
   (merge 2bb74b53a4 sg/progress-fix later to maint).

 * A bug in merge-recursive code that triggers when a branch with a
   symbolic link is merged with a branch that replaces it with a
   directory has been fixed.
   (merge 83e3ad3b12 jt/merge-recursive-symlink-is-not-a-dir-in-way later to maint).

 * The rename detection logic sorts a list of rename source candidates
   by similarity to pick the best candidate, which means that a tie
   between sources with the same similarity is broken by the original
   location in the original candidate list (which is sorted by path).
   Force the sorting by similarity done with a stable sort, which is
   not promised by system supplied qsort(3), to ensure consistent
   results across platforms.
   (merge 2049b8dc65 js/diff-rename-force-stable-sort later to maint).

 * The code to skip "UTF" and "UTF-" prefix, when computing an advice
   message, did not work correctly when the prefix was "UTF", which
   has been fixed.
   (merge b181676ce9 rs/convert-fix-utf-without-dash later to maint).

 * The author names taken from SVN repositories may have extra leading
   or trailing whitespaces, which are now munged away.
   (merge 4ddd4bddb1 tk/git-svn-trim-author-name later to maint).

 * "git rebase -i" showed a wrong HEAD while "reword" open the editor.
   (merge b0a3186140 pw/rebase-i-show-HEAD-to-reword later to maint).

 * A few simplification and bugfixes to PCRE interface.
   (merge c581e4a749 ab/pcre-jit-fixes later to maint).

 * PCRE fixes.
   (merge ff61681b46 cb/pcre1-cleanup later to maint).

 * "git range-diff" segfaulted when diff.noprefix configuration was
   used, as it blindly expected the patch it internally generates to
   have the standard a/ and b/ prefixes.  The command now forces the
   internal patch to be built without any prefix, not to be affected
   by any end-user configuration.
   (merge 937b76ed49 js/range-diff-noprefix later to maint).

 * "git stash apply" in a subdirectory of a secondary worktree failed
   to access the worktree correctly, which has been corrected.
   (merge dfd557c978 js/stash-apply-in-secondary-worktree later to maint).

 * The merge-recursive machinery is one of the most complex parts of
   the system that accumulated cruft over time.  This large series
   cleans up the implementation quite a bit.
   (merge b657047719 en/merge-recursive-cleanup later to maint).

 * Pretty-printed command line formatter (used in e.g. reporting the
   command being run by the tracing API) had a bug that lost an
   argument that is an empty string, which has been corrected.
   (merge ce2d7ed2fd gs/sq-quote-buf-pretty later to maint).

 * "git range-diff" failed to handle mode-only change, which has been
   corrected.
   (merge 2b6a9b13ca tg/range-diff-output-update later to maint).

 * Dev support update.
   (merge 4f3c1dc5d6 dl/allow-running-cocci-verbosely later to maint).

 * "git format-patch -o <outdir>" did an equivalent of "mkdir <outdir>"
   not "mkdir -p <outdir>", which was corrected.

 * "git stash save" lost local changes to submodules, which has been
   corrected.
   (merge 556895d0c8 jj/stash-reset-only-toplevel later to maint).

 * The atomic push over smart HTTP transport did not work, which has
   been corrected.
   (merge 6f1194246a bc/smart-http-atomic-push later to maint).

 * Other code cleanup, docfix, build fix, etc.
   (merge d1387d3895 en/fast-import-merge-doc later to maint).
   (merge 1c24a54ea4 bm/repository-layout-typofix later to maint).
   (merge 415b770b88 ds/midx-expire-repack later to maint).
   (merge 19800bdc3f nd/diff-parseopt later to maint).
   (merge 58166c2e9d tg/t0021-racefix later to maint).
   (merge 7027f508c7 dl/compat-cleanup later to maint).
   (merge e770fbfeff jc/test-cleanup later to maint).
   (merge 1fd881d404 rs/trace2-dst-warning later to maint).
   (merge 7e92756751 mh/http-urlmatch-cleanup later to maint).
   (merge 9784f97321 mh/release-commit-memory-fix later to maint).
   (merge 60d198d022 tb/banned-vsprintf-namefix later to maint).
   (merge 80e3658647 rs/help-unknown-ref-does-not-return later to maint).
   (merge 0a8bc7068f dt/remote-helper-doc-re-lock-option later to maint).
   (merge 27fd1e4ea7 en/merge-options-ff-and-friends later to maint).
   (merge 502c386ff9 sg/clean-nested-repo-with-ignored later to maint).
   (merge 26e3d1cbea am/mailmap-andrey-mazo later to maint).
   (merge 47b27c96fa ss/get-time-cleanup later to maint).
   (merge dd2e50a84e jk/commit-graph-cleanup later to maint).
   (merge 4fd39c76e6 cs/pretty-formats-doc-typofix later to maint).
   (merge 40e747e89d dl/submodule-set-branch later to maint).
   (merge 689a146c91 rs/commit-graph-use-list-count later to maint).
   (merge 0eb7c37a8a js/doc-patch-text later to maint).
   (merge 4b3aa170d1 rs/nth-switch-code-simplification later to maint).
   (merge 0d4304c124 ah/doc-submodule-ignore-submodules later to maint).
   (merge af78249463 cc/svn-fe-py-shebang later to maint).
   (merge 7bd97d6dff rs/alias-use-copy-array later to maint).
   (merge c46ebc2496 sg/travis-help-debug later to maint).
   (merge 24c681794f ps/my-first-contribution-alphasort later to maint).
   (merge 75b2c15435 cb/do-not-use-test-cmp-with-a later to maint).
   (merge cda0d497e3 bw/submodule-helper-usage-fix later to maint).
   (merge fe0ed5d5e9 am/visual-studio-config-fix later to maint).
   (merge 2e09c01232 sg/name-rev-cutoff-underflow-fix later to maint).
   (merge ddb3c856f3 as/shallow-slab-use-fix later to maint).
   (merge 71f4960b91 js/mingw-spawn-with-spaces-in-path later to maint).
   (merge 53d687bf5f ah/cleanups later to maint).
   (merge f537485fa5 rs/test-remove-useless-debugging-cat later to maint).
   (merge 11a3d3aadd dl/rev-list-doc-cleanup later to maint).
   (merge d928a8388a am/t0028-utf16-tests later to maint).
   (merge b05b40930e dl/t0000-skip-test-test later to maint).
   (merge 03d3b1297c js/xdiffi-comment-updates later to maint).
   (merge 57d8f4b4c7 js/doc-stash-save later to maint).
   (merge 8c1cfd58e3 ta/t1308-typofix later to maint).
   (merge fa364ad790 bb/utf8-wcwidth-cleanup later to maint).
   (merge 68b69211b2 bb/compat-util-comment-fix later to maint).
   (merge 5cc6a4be11 rs/http-push-simplify later to maint).
   (merge a81e42d235 rs/column-use-utf8-strnwidth later to maint).
   (merge 062a309d36 rs/remote-curl-use-argv-array later to maint).
   (merge 3b3c79f6c9 nr/diff-highlight-indent-fix later to maint).
   (merge 3444ec2eb2 wb/fsmonitor-bitmap-fix later to maint).
   (merge 10da030ab7 cb/pcre2-chartables-leakfix later to maint).
   (merge 60e6569a12 js/mingw-needs-hiding-fix later to maint).
   (merge 52bd3e4657 rl/gitweb-blame-prev-fix later to maint).

Branching and Merging

The Git feature that really makes it stand apart from nearly every other SCM out there is its branching model.

Git allows and encourages you to have multiple local branches that can be entirely independent of each other. The creation, merging, and deletion of those lines of development takes seconds.

This means that you can do things like:

• Frictionless Context Switching. Create a branch to try out an idea, commit a few times, switch back to where you branched from, apply a patch, switch back to where you are experimenting, and merge it in.
• Role-Based Codelines. Have a branch that always contains only what goes to production, another that you merge work into for testing, and several smaller ones for day to day work.
• Feature Based Workflow. Create new branches for each new feature you’re working on so you can seamlessly switch back and forth between them, then delete each branch when that feature gets merged into your main line.
• Disposable Experimentation. Create a branch to experiment in, realize it’s not going to work, and just delete it – abandoning the work—with nobody else ever seeing it (even if you’ve pushed other branches in the meantime).

Small and Fast

Git is fast. With Git, nearly all operations are performed locally, giving it a huge speed advantage on centralized systems that constantly have to communicate with a server somewhere.

Git was built to work on the Linux kernel, meaning that it has had to effectively handle large repositories from day one. Git is written in C, reducing the overhead of runtimes associated with higher-level languages. Speed and performance has been a primary design goal of the Git from the start.

Benchmarks

Let’s see how common operations stack up against Subversion, a common centralized version control system that is similar to CVS or Perforce. Smaller is faster.

Distributed

One of the nicest features of any Distributed SCM, Git included, is that it’s distributed. This means that instead of doing a “checkout” of the current tip of the source code, you do a “clone” of the entire repository.

Multiple Backups

This means that even if you’re using a centralized workflow, every user essentially has a full backup of the main server. Each of these copies could be pushed up to replace the main server in the event of a crash or corruption. In effect, there is no single point of failure with Git unless there is only a single copy of the repository.

Any Workflow

Because of Git’s distributed nature and superb branching system, an almost endless number of workflows can be implemented with relative ease.

Subversion-Style Workflow

A centralized workflow is very common, especially from people transitioning from a centralized system. Git will not allow you to push if someone has pushed since the last time you fetched, so a centralized model where all developers push to the same server works just fine.

Data Assurance

The data model that Git uses ensures the cryptographic integrity of every bit of your project. Every file and commit is checksummed and retrieved by its checksum when checked back out. It’s impossible to get anything out of Git other than the exact bits you put in.

Staging Area

Unlike the other systems, Git has something called the “staging area” or “index”. This is an intermediate area where commits can be formatted and reviewed before completing the commit.

One thing that sets Git apart from other tools is that it’s possible to quickly stage some of your files and commit them without committing all of the other modified files in your working directory or having to list them on the command line during the commit.

Free and Open Source

Git is released under the GNU General Public License version 2.0, which is an open source license. The Git project chose to use GPLv2 to guarantee your freedom to share and change free software—to make sure the software is free for all its users.

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