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What is Git?

Git is a free and open source distributed version control system designed to handle everything from small to very large projects with speed and efficiency. Git is easy to learn and has a tiny footprint with lightning fast performance. It outclasses SCM tools like Subversion, CVS, Perforce, and ClearCase with features like cheap local branching, convenient staging areas, and multiple workflows.

What’s New on Git 2.26.0?

Git 2.26 Release Notes
======================

Updates since v2.25
-------------------

Backward compatibility notes

 * "git rebase" uses a different backend that is based on the 'merge'
   machinery by default.  There are a few known differences in the
   behaviour from the traditional machinery based on patch+apply.

   If your workflow is negatively affected by this change, please
   report it to git@vger.kernel.org so that we can take a look into
   it.  After doing so, you can set the 'rebase.backend' configuration
   variable to 'apply', in order to use the old default behaviour in
   the meantime.


UI, Workflows & Features

 * Sample credential helper for using .netrc has been updated to work
   out of the box.

 * gpg.minTrustLevel configuration variable has been introduced to
   tell various signature verification codepaths the required minimum
   trust level.

 * The command line completion (in contrib/) learned to complete
   subcommands and arguments to "git worktree".

 * Disambiguation logic to tell revisions and pathspec apart has been
   tweaked so that backslash-escaped glob special characters do not
   count in the "wildcards are pathspec" rule.

 * One effect of specifying where the GIT_DIR is (either with the
   environment variable, or with the "git --git-dir=<where> cmd"
   option) is to disable the repository discovery.  This has been
   placed a bit more stress in the documentation, as new users often
   get confused.

 * Two help messages given when "git add" notices the user gave it
   nothing to add have been updated to use advise() API.

 * A new version of fsmonitor-watchman hook has been introduced, to
   avoid races.

 * "git config" learned to show in which "scope", in addition to in
   which file, each config setting comes from.

 * The basic 7 colors learned the brighter counterparts
   (e.g. "brightred").

 * "git sparse-checkout" learned a new "add" subcommand.

 * A configuration element used for credential subsystem can now use
   wildcard pattern to specify for which set of URLs the entry
   applies.

 * "git clone --recurse-submodules --single-branch" now uses the same
   single-branch option when cloning the submodules.

 * "git rm" and "git stash" learns the new "--pathspec-from-file"
   option.

 * "git am --show-current-patch" is a way to show the piece of e-mail
   for the stopped step, which is not suitable to directly feed "git
   apply" (it is designed to be a good "git am" input).  It learned a
   new option to show only the patch part.

 * Handling of conflicting renames in merge-recursive have further
   been made consistent with how existing codepaths try to mimic what
   is done to add/add conflicts.


Performance, Internal Implementation, Development Support etc.

 * Tell .editorconfig that in this project, *.txt files are indented
   with tabs.

 * The test-lint machinery knew to check "VAR=VAL shell_function"
   construct, but did not check "VAR= shell_function", which has been
   corrected.

 * Replace "git config --bool" calls with "git config --type=bool" in
   sample templates.

 * The effort to move "git-add--interactive" to C continues.

 * Improve error message generation for "git submodule add".

 * Preparation of test scripts for the day when the object names will
   use SHA-256 continues.

 * Warn programmers about pretend_object_file() that allows the code
   to tentatively use in-core objects.

 * The way "git pack-objects" reuses objects stored in existing pack
   to generate its result has been improved.

 * The transport protocol version 2 becomes the default one.

 * Traditionally, we avoided threaded grep while searching in objects
   (as opposed to files in the working tree) as accesses to the object
   layer is not thread-safe.  This limitation is getting lifted.

 * "git rebase -i" (and friends) used to unnecessarily check out the
   tip of the branch to be rebased, which has been corrected.

 * A low-level API function get_oid(), that accepts various ways to
   name an object, used to issue end-user facing error messages
   without l10n, which has been updated to be translatable.

 * Unneeded connectivity check is now disabled in a partial clone when
   fetching into it.

 * Some rough edges in the sparse-checkout feature, especially around
   the cone mode, have been cleaned up.

 * The diff-* plumbing family of subcommands now pay attention to the
   diff.wsErrorHighlight configuration, which has been ignored before;
   this allows "git add -p" to also show the whitespace problems to
   the end user.

 * Some codepaths were given a repository instance as a parameter to
   work in the repository, but passed the_repository instance to its
   callees, which has been cleaned up (somewhat).

 * Memory footprint and performance of "git name-rev" has been
   improved.

 * The object reachability bitmap machinery and the partial cloning
   machinery were not prepared to work well together, because some
   object-filtering criteria that partial clones use inherently rely
   on object traversal, but the bitmap machinery is an optimization
   to bypass that object traversal.  There however are some cases
   where they can work together, and they were taught about them.

 * "git rebase" has learned to use the merge backend (i.e. the
   machinery that drives "rebase -i") by default, while allowing
   "--apply" option to use the "apply" backend (e.g. the moral
   equivalent of "format-patch piped to am").  The rebase.backend
   configuration variable can be set to customize.

 * Underlying machinery of "git bisect--helper" is being refactored
   into pieces that are more easily reused.


Fixes since v2.25
-----------------

 * "git commit" gives output similar to "git status" when there is
   nothing to commit, but without honoring the advise.statusHints
   configuration variable, which has been corrected.

 * has_object_file() said "no" given an object registered to the
   system via pretend_object_file(), making it inconsistent with
   read_object_file(), causing lazy fetch to attempt fetching an
   empty tree from promisor remotes.

 * Complete an update to tutorial that encourages "git switch" over
   "git checkout" that was done only half-way.

 * C pedantry ;-) fix.

 * The code that tries to skip over the entries for the paths in a
   single directory using the cache-tree was not careful enough
   against corrupt index file.

 * Reduce unnecessary round-trip when running "ls-remote" over the
   stateless RPC mechanism.

 * "git restore --staged" did not correctly update the cache-tree
   structure, resulting in bogus trees to be written afterwards, which
   has been corrected.

 * The code recently added to move to the entry beyond the ones in the
   same directory in the index in the sparse-cone mode did not count
   the number of entries to skip over incorrectly, which has been
   corrected.

 * Rendering by "git log --graph" of ancestry lines leading to a merge
   commit were made suboptimal to waste vertical space a bit with a
   recent update, which has been corrected.

 * Work around test breakages caused by custom regex engine used in
   libasan, when address sanitizer is used with more recent versions
   of gcc and clang.

 * Minor bugfixes to "git add -i" that has recently been rewritten in C.

 * "git fetch --refmap=" option has got a better documentation.

 * "git checkout X" did not correctly fail when X is not a local
   branch but could name more than one remote-tracking branches
   (i.e. to be dwimmed as the starting point to create a corresponding
   local branch), which has been corrected.
   (merge fa74180d08 am/checkout-file-and-ref-ref-ambiguity later to maint).

 * Corner case bugs in "git clean" that stems from a (necessarily for
   performance reasons) awkward calling convention in the directory
   enumeration API has been corrected.

 * A fetch that is told to recursively fetch updates in submodules
   inevitably produces reams of output, and it becomes hard to spot
   error messages.  The command has been taught to enumerate
   submodules that had errors at the end of the operation.
   (merge 0222540827 es/fetch-show-failed-submodules-atend later to maint).

 * The "--recurse-submodules" option of various subcommands did not
   work well when run in an alternate worktree, which has been
   corrected.

 * Futureproofing a test not to depend on the current implementation
   detail.

 * Running "git rm" on a submodule failed unnecessarily when
   .gitmodules is only cache-dirty, which has been corrected.

 * C pedantry ;-) fix.

 * "git grep --no-index" should not get affected by the contents of
   the .gitmodules file but when "--recurse-submodules" is given or
   the "submodule.recurse" variable is set, it did.  Now these
   settings are ignored in the "--no-index" mode.

 * Technical details of the bundle format has been documented.

 * Unhelpful warning messages during documentation build have been squelched.

 * "git rebase -i" identifies existing commits in its todo file with
   their abbreviated object name, which could become ambiguous as it
   goes to create new commits, and has a mechanism to avoid ambiguity
   in the main part of its execution.  A few other cases however were
   not covered by the protection against ambiguity, which has been
   corrected.

 * Allow the rebase.missingCommitsCheck configuration to kick in when
   "rebase --edit-todo" and "rebase --continue" restarts the procedure.
   (merge 5a5445d878 ag/edit-todo-drop-check later to maint).

 * The way "git submodule status" reports an initialized but not yet
   populated submodule has not been reimplemented correctly when a
   part of the "git submodule" command was rewritten in C, which has
   been corrected.
   (merge f38c92452d pk/status-of-uncloned-submodule later to maint).

 * The code to automatically shrink the fan-out in the notes tree had
   an off-by-one bug, which has been killed.

 * The index-pack code now diagnoses a bad input packstream that
   records the same object twice when it is used as delta base; the
   code used to declare a software bug when encountering such an
   input, but it is an input error.


 * The code to compute the commit-graph has been taught to use a more
   robust way to tell if two object directories refer to the same
   thing.
   (merge a7df60cac8 tb/commit-graph-object-dir later to maint).

 * "git remote rename X Y" needs to adjust configuration variables
   (e.g. branch.<name>.remote) whose value used to be X to Y.
   branch.<name>.pushRemote is now also updated.

 * Update to doc-diff.

 * Doc markup fix.

 * "git check-ignore" did not work when the given path is explicitly
   marked as not ignored with a negative entry in the .gitignore file.

 * The merge-recursive machinery failed to refresh the cache entry for
   a merge result in a couple of places, resulting in an unnecessary
   merge failure, which has been fixed.

 * Fix for a bug revealed by a recent change to make the protocol v2
   the default.

 * In rare cases "git worktree add <path>" could think that <path>
   was already a registered worktree even when it wasn't and refuse
   to add the new worktree. This has been corrected.
   (merge bb69b3b009 es/worktree-avoid-duplication-fix later to maint).

 * "git push" should stop from updating a branch that is checked out
   when receive.denyCurrentBranch configuration is set, but it failed
   to pay attention to checkouts in secondary worktrees.  This has
   been corrected.
   (merge 4d864895a2 hv/receive-denycurrent-everywhere later to maint).

 * "git rebase BASE BRANCH" rebased/updated the tip of BRANCH and
   checked it out, even when the BRANCH is checked out in a different
   worktree.  This has been corrected.
   (merge b5cabb4a96 es/do-not-let-rebase-switch-to-protected-branch later to maint).

 * "git describe" in a repository with multiple root commits sometimes
   gave up looking for the best tag to describe a given commit with
   too early, which has been adjusted.

 * "git merge signed-tag" while lacking the public key started to say
   "No signature", which was utterly wrong.  This regression has been
   reverted.

 * MinGW's poll() emulation has been improved.

 * "git show" and others gave an object name in raw format in its
   error output, which has been corrected to give it in hex.

 * "git fetch" over HTTP walker protocol did not show any progress
   output.  We inherently do not know how much work remains, but still
   we can show something not to bore users.
   (merge 7655b4119d rs/show-progress-in-dumb-http-fetch later to maint).

 * Both "git ls-remote -h" and "git grep -h" give short usage help,
   like any other Git subcommand, but it is not unreasonable to expect
   that the former would behave the same as "git ls-remote --head"
   (there is no other sensible behaviour for the latter).  The
   documentation has been updated in an attempt to clarify this.

 * Other code cleanup, docfix, build fix, etc.
   (merge d0d0a357a1 am/update-pathspec-f-f-tests later to maint).
   (merge f94f7bd00d am/test-pathspec-f-f-error-cases later to maint).
   (merge c513a958b6 ss/t6025-modernize later to maint).
   (merge b441717256 dl/test-must-fail-fixes later to maint).
   (merge d031049da3 mt/sparse-checkout-doc-update later to maint).
   (merge 145136a95a jc/skip-prefix later to maint).
   (merge 5290d45134 jk/alloc-cleanups later to maint).
   (merge 7a9f8ca805 rs/parse-options-concat-dup later to maint).
   (merge 517b60564e rs/strbuf-insertstr later to maint).
   (merge f696a2b1c8 jk/mailinfo-cleanup later to maint).
   (merge de26f02db1 js/test-avoid-pipe later to maint).
   (merge a2dc43414c es/doc-mentoring later to maint).
   (merge 02bbbe9df9 es/worktree-cleanup later to maint).
   (merge 2ce6d075fa rs/micro-cleanups later to maint).
   (merge 27f182b3fc rs/blame-typefix-for-fingerprint later to maint).
   (merge 3c29e21eb0 ma/test-cleanup later to maint).
   (merge 240fc04f81 ag/rebase-remove-redundant-code later to maint).
   (merge d68ce906c7 rs/commit-graph-code-simplification later to maint).
   (merge a51d9e8f07 rj/t1050-use-test-path-is-file later to maint).
   (merge fd0bc17557 kk/complete-diff-color-moved later to maint).
   (merge 65bf820d0e en/test-cleanup later to maint).

Branching and Merging

The Git feature that really makes it stand apart from nearly every other SCM out there is its branching model.

Git allows and encourages you to have multiple local branches that can be entirely independent of each other. The creation, merging, and deletion of those lines of development takes seconds.

This means that you can do things like:

• Frictionless Context Switching. Create a branch to try out an idea, commit a few times, switch back to where you branched from, apply a patch, switch back to where you are experimenting, and merge it in.
• Role-Based Codelines. Have a branch that always contains only what goes to production, another that you merge work into for testing, and several smaller ones for day to day work.
• Feature Based Workflow. Create new branches for each new feature you’re working on so you can seamlessly switch back and forth between them, then delete each branch when that feature gets merged into your main line.
• Disposable Experimentation. Create a branch to experiment in, realize it’s not going to work, and just delete it – abandoning the work—with nobody else ever seeing it (even if you’ve pushed other branches in the meantime).

Small and Fast

Git is fast. With Git, nearly all operations are performed locally, giving it a huge speed advantage on centralized systems that constantly have to communicate with a server somewhere.

Git was built to work on the Linux kernel, meaning that it has had to effectively handle large repositories from day one. Git is written in C, reducing the overhead of runtimes associated with higher-level languages. Speed and performance has been a primary design goal of the Git from the start.

Benchmarks

Let’s see how common operations stack up against Subversion, a common centralized version control system that is similar to CVS or Perforce. Smaller is faster.

Distributed

One of the nicest features of any Distributed SCM, Git included, is that it’s distributed. This means that instead of doing a “checkout” of the current tip of the source code, you do a “clone” of the entire repository.

Multiple Backups

This means that even if you’re using a centralized workflow, every user essentially has a full backup of the main server. Each of these copies could be pushed up to replace the main server in the event of a crash or corruption. In effect, there is no single point of failure with Git unless there is only a single copy of the repository.

Any Workflow

Because of Git’s distributed nature and superb branching system, an almost endless number of workflows can be implemented with relative ease.

Subversion-Style Workflow

A centralized workflow is very common, especially from people transitioning from a centralized system. Git will not allow you to push if someone has pushed since the last time you fetched, so a centralized model where all developers push to the same server works just fine.

Data Assurance

The data model that Git uses ensures the cryptographic integrity of every bit of your project. Every file and commit is checksummed and retrieved by its checksum when checked back out. It’s impossible to get anything out of Git other than the exact bits you put in.

Staging Area

Unlike the other systems, Git has something called the “staging area” or “index”. This is an intermediate area where commits can be formatted and reviewed before completing the commit.

One thing that sets Git apart from other tools is that it’s possible to quickly stage some of your files and commit them without committing all of the other modified files in your working directory or having to list them on the command line during the commit.

Free and Open Source

Git is released under the GNU General Public License version 2.0, which is an open source license. The Git project chose to use GPLv2 to guarantee your freedom to share and change free software—to make sure the software is free for all its users.

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